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$Unique_ID{how00719}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Civilizations Past And Present
Conclusion}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Wallbank;Taylor;Bailkey;Jewsbury;Lewis;Hackett}
$Affiliation{}
$Subject{human
enlightenment
reason
laws
}
$Date{1992}
$Log{}
Title: Civilizations Past And Present
Book: Chapter 20: The European Dream Of Progress And Enlightenment
Author: Wallbank;Taylor;Bailkey;Jewsbury;Lewis;Hackett
Date: 1992
Conclusion
The Enlightenment brought a new vision of the future, which forecast the
end of absolute monarchy. Philosophers of the Enlightenment thought they had
discovered a simple formula for perpetual human happiness. They sought to
deliver individuals from restraints so that they could act freely in
accordance with their natures. On the one hand, the formula promised that
pursuit of self-interest would benefit society; on the other, it promised that
a free human reason would produce sound moral judgments. In other words,
individual freedom permitted the operation of natural laws. Believing they had
learned these laws, eighteenth-century rationalists thought they had found the
secret of never-ending progress.
Rational philosophy undermined absolutism in all of its phases. Deism
questioned the necessity of state churches and clergies. The physiocrats, Adam
Smith, and other early economic liberals demonstrated the futility of
mercantilism. Political theory in the Enlightenment substituted the social
contract for divine right and emphasized natural human rights of political
freedom and justice. Each of these ideas denied the absolute authority of
monarchs.
Respect for rational philosophy was largely derived from the successes
and popularity of science. The surprising discoveries of astronomers produced
a new view of the individual's place in the universe; in his law of
gravitation, Newton supplied mathematical evidence for their perspective. His
laws, along with the other laws of science, suggested that human reason
operated effectively only when it was interpreting sensory experience.
Material reality was accepted as the only reality. Therefore, the natural laws
affecting human society were also considered as basically materialistic.
Toward the end of the eighteenth century, a reaction against reason
countered this materialism without affecting the fundamental objectives of the
Enlightenment. Idealistic philosophy and pietism both challenged the
scientific view of the individual, emphasizing that intuition and faith are
human qualities as essential as reason. These new movements merged with the
humane concerns of rational philosophy to produce a new humanitarianism, which
accented both reason and sentimentality but also continued the
eighteenth-century concern for human freedom. Together with the rationalism of
the Enlightenment, the reaction against reason before 1800 also challenged
absolutism's domination of the human body, mind, and spirit.