home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- $Unique_ID{how00719}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Civilizations Past And Present
- Conclusion}
- $Subtitle{}
- $Author{Wallbank;Taylor;Bailkey;Jewsbury;Lewis;Hackett}
- $Affiliation{}
- $Subject{human
- enlightenment
- reason
- laws
-
- }
- $Date{1992}
- $Log{}
- Title: Civilizations Past And Present
- Book: Chapter 20: The European Dream Of Progress And Enlightenment
- Author: Wallbank;Taylor;Bailkey;Jewsbury;Lewis;Hackett
- Date: 1992
-
- Conclusion
-
- The Enlightenment brought a new vision of the future, which forecast the
- end of absolute monarchy. Philosophers of the Enlightenment thought they had
- discovered a simple formula for perpetual human happiness. They sought to
- deliver individuals from restraints so that they could act freely in
- accordance with their natures. On the one hand, the formula promised that
- pursuit of self-interest would benefit society; on the other, it promised that
- a free human reason would produce sound moral judgments. In other words,
- individual freedom permitted the operation of natural laws. Believing they had
- learned these laws, eighteenth-century rationalists thought they had found the
- secret of never-ending progress.
-
- Rational philosophy undermined absolutism in all of its phases. Deism
- questioned the necessity of state churches and clergies. The physiocrats, Adam
- Smith, and other early economic liberals demonstrated the futility of
- mercantilism. Political theory in the Enlightenment substituted the social
- contract for divine right and emphasized natural human rights of political
- freedom and justice. Each of these ideas denied the absolute authority of
- monarchs.
-
- Respect for rational philosophy was largely derived from the successes
- and popularity of science. The surprising discoveries of astronomers produced
- a new view of the individual's place in the universe; in his law of
- gravitation, Newton supplied mathematical evidence for their perspective. His
- laws, along with the other laws of science, suggested that human reason
- operated effectively only when it was interpreting sensory experience.
- Material reality was accepted as the only reality. Therefore, the natural laws
- affecting human society were also considered as basically materialistic.
-
- Toward the end of the eighteenth century, a reaction against reason
- countered this materialism without affecting the fundamental objectives of the
- Enlightenment. Idealistic philosophy and pietism both challenged the
- scientific view of the individual, emphasizing that intuition and faith are
- human qualities as essential as reason. These new movements merged with the
- humane concerns of rational philosophy to produce a new humanitarianism, which
- accented both reason and sentimentality but also continued the
- eighteenth-century concern for human freedom. Together with the rationalism of
- the Enlightenment, the reaction against reason before 1800 also challenged
- absolutism's domination of the human body, mind, and spirit.
-
-